If you are looking for a software developer post in a repeated company, then these Software Developer Fresher Interview Questions also help you.
You have to do any language and command on that language and second, you have to do operating system, SQL, Data Structures and Algorithm, and object-oriented programming.
I have given 30 questions on each subject commonly asked in Indian service-based companies for Software Developer Fresher Interview Questions.
Software Developer Fresher Interview Questions
When preparing for a Software Developer fresher interview, it’s essential to understand the types of questions that may come your way. Often, interviewers ask about fundamental concepts in programming languages, such as how arrays and linked lists differ or the basics of object-oriented programming. It’s a great idea to brush up on these topics to showcase your understanding.
You might also encounter questions about algorithms and data structures, such as sorting techniques or tree traversal methods. Knowing how to explain and implement these can demonstrate your problem-solving skills and ability to think algorithmically.
SQL Interview Questions
1. What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query Language, which is used to manage and manipulate databases by querying, updating, and deleting data.
2. What are the different types of SQL commands?
SQL commands are categorized into DDL (Data Definition Language), DML (Data Manipulation Language), DCL (Data Control Language), and TCL (Transaction Control Language).
3. What is a Primary Key?
A Primary Key is a unique identifier for each record in a table. It cannot contain NULL values and must have unique values.
4. What is a Foreign Key?
A Foreign Key is a field in one table that references the Primary Key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables.
5. What is a Join in SQL?
A Join combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column.
6. What are the types of Joins in SQL?
The main types of Joins are Inner Join, Left Join (or Left Outer Join), Right Join (or Right Outer Join), and Full Join.
7. What is a Self Join?
A Self Join is a join in which a table is joined with itself, useful for comparing rows within the same table.
8. What is a Cross Join?
A Cross Join returns the Cartesian product of two tables, meaning it returns all possible combinations of rows from the two tables.
9. What is an Index in SQL?
An Index is a performance optimization feature in SQL that allows for faster retrieval of rows from a table.
10. What is a Unique Key?
A Unique Key ensures that all values in a column are unique, but it allows for one NULL value, unlike the Primary Key.
11. What is a View in SQL?
A View is a virtual table based on the result set of a query. It contains rows and columns, just like a real table.
12. What is Normalization?
Normalization is the process of organizing data to minimize redundancy and improve data integrity in a relational database.
13. What are the different types of Normalization?
The common types are the First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), and Third Normal Form (3NF).
14. What is Denormalization?
Denormalization is the process of combining normalized tables to improve read performance, usually at the expense of write performance.
15. What is a Subquery?
A Subquery is a query within another query, used to return data that will be used in the main query.
16. What is a Stored Procedure?
A Stored Procedure is a set of SQL statements that can be executed as a single unit to perform a specific task.
17. What is a Trigger in SQL?
A Trigger is a stored procedure that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table.
18. What is a Cursor in SQL?
A Cursor is a database object used to retrieve, update, and process rows returned by a SQL query, one row at a time.
19. What is the difference between a Clustered and a Non-clustered Index?
A Clustered Index sorts and stores the data rows in the table, while a Non-clustered Index creates a separate structure for the data with pointers to the actual table rows.
20. What is an Aggregate Function?
Aggregate Functions perform a calculation on a set of values and return a single value, like SUM, COUNT, AVG, MAX, and MIN.
21. What is a Transaction in SQL?
A Transaction is a sequence of one or more SQL operations executed as a unit of work, ensuring data consistency and integrity.
22. What are the properties of a Transaction?
The properties of a Transaction are ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).
23. What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE?
DELETE removes rows one at a time and can be rolled back, while TRUNCATE removes all rows from a table without logging individual row deletions.
24. What is the difference between DROP and TRUNCATE?
DROP removes the table structure from the database, while TRUNCATE removes all the rows but keeps the table structure intact.
25. What is a UNION in SQL?
UNION combines the result sets of two or more SELECT queries, removing duplicate rows by default.
26. What is UNION ALL?
UNION ALL combines the result sets of two or more SELECT queries but does not remove duplicate rows.
27. What is a Constraint in SQL?
A Constraint is a rule applied to a column or table that limits the types of data that can be inserted.
28. What are the types of Constraints?
Common Constraints include NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK.
29. What is SQL Injection?
SQL Injection is a security vulnerability that allows an attacker to interfere with the queries an application makes to its database.
30. How do you prevent SQL Injection?
To prevent SQL Injection, use parameterized queries, stored procedures, and input validation.
If you are preparing for a software developer position at a reputed company then these Software Developer Fresher Interview Questions SQL will help you a lot.
Also Read –
👉 JavaScript Interview Questions for Freshers
👉 JavaScript DSA Questions for Freshers
OOP Interview Questions
1. What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and methods. It emphasizes reusability and modularity through encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
2. What is a Class in OOP?
A Class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties (attributes) and behaviours (methods) that an object of that class will have.
3. What is an Object?
An Object is an instance of a Class. It represents a specific entity with defined attributes and methods.
4. What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is the OOP principle of bundling data (variables) and methods (functions) together within a Class and restricting access to some components.
5. What is Inheritance?
Inheritance is the concept where one Class (child class) inherits the properties and behaviours of another Class (parent class), allowing code reuse and extension.
6. What is Polymorphism in OOP?
Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class. It enables one interface to be used for a general class of actions, with specific implementations based on the object.
7. What is Method Overloading?
Method Overloading allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different parameters, enabling flexible code functionality.
8. What is Method Overriding?
Method Overriding allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass.
9. What is Abstraction?
Abstraction is the concept of hiding the implementation details and showing only the necessary information to the user.
10. What is an Interface?
An Interface is a contract that defines a set of methods that a Class must implement, but without providing the implementation itself.
11. What is a Constructor?
A Constructor is a special method used to initialize objects when they are created. It has the same name as the Class and does not return a value.
12. What is a Destructor?
A Destructor is a method that is called automatically when an object is destroyed, helping to clean up resources used by the object.
13. What is Multiple Inheritance?
Multiple Inheritance occurs when a Class can inherit from more than one parent Class, gaining access to the properties and methods of each.
14. What is an Abstract Class?
An Abstract Class is a Class that cannot be instantiated on its own and is meant to be extended by other classes that implement its abstract methods.
15. What is a Static Method?
A Static Method is a method that belongs to the Class rather than to instances of the Class. It can be called without creating an object of the Class.
16. What is a Final Class?
A Final Class is a Class that cannot be extended by any other Class. No child classes can be created from it.
17. What is a Virtual Function?
A Virtual Function is a function in a parent class that can be overridden by a subclass. The function call is resolved at runtime.
18. What is Dynamic Binding?
Dynamic Binding is the process of resolving method calls at runtime, allowing for method overriding and polymorphism in OOP.
19. What is a Copy Constructor?
A Copy Constructor is a special type of constructor used to create a new object as a copy of an existing object.
20. What is the difference between Class and Object?
A Class is a blueprint for creating objects, while an Object is an instance of a Class that represents a specific entity in the program.
21. What is a Getter and Setter?
Getters and Setters are methods used to access and modify the private variables of a Class, maintaining encapsulation.
22. What is a Friend Function?
A Friend Function is a function that is not a member of a Class but has access to its private and protected members.
23. What is Aggregation in OOP?
Aggregation is a relationship between two classes where one class contains objects of another class but both can exist independently.
24. What is Composition in OOP?
Composition is a stronger form of Aggregation where one class cannot exist independently of the other.
25. What is the difference between Overloading and Overriding?
Overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters, while Overriding allows a child class to provide a specific implementation of a parent class method.
26. What is Multiple Inheritance, and why is it not supported in some OOP languages?
Multiple Inheritance allows a class to inherit from more than one parent class. It is not supported in some languages to avoid ambiguity, known as the Diamond Problem.
27. What is a Pure Virtual Function?
A Pure Virtual Function is a function with no implementation in the base class and must be implemented by derived classes.
28. What is Early Binding?
Early Binding refers to the process of resolving function calls at compile time, as opposed to runtime binding in polymorphism.
29. What is a Singleton Class?
A Singleton Class is a design pattern that ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.
30. What is Object Slicing?
Object Slicing occurs when an object of a subclass is assigned to a variable of a parent class type, causing the subclass-specific attributes to be “sliced” off.
If you are preparing for a software developer position at a reputed company then these Software Developer Fresher Interview Questions OOPS will help you a lot.
Operating System Interview Questions
1. What is an Operating System?
An Operating System (OS) is software that manages hardware resources and provides services for computer programs.
2. What are the main functions of an Operating System?
The main functions of an OS are process management, memory management, file system management, and device management.
3. What is Process Scheduling?
Process Scheduling is the OS activity of deciding which process will be executed by the CPU at any given time.
4. What is a Deadlock?
A Deadlock occurs when two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release resources.
5. What is Virtual Memory?
Virtual Memory is a memory management technique where the OS uses hard disk space as an extension of RAM, allowing larger applications to run.
6. What is a Kernel?
The Kernel is the core part of an OS that manages system resources, including memory, CPU scheduling, and I/O operations.
7. What is Context Switching?
Context Switching is the process of saving the state of a currently running process and loading the state of another process.
8. What is Thrashing in Operating Systems?
Thrashing occurs when a system spends more time swapping pages in and out of memory than executing actual processes.
9. What is Paging?
Paging is a memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation of physical memory.
10. What is Segmentation in Operating Systems?
Segmentation is a memory management technique where memory is divided into different segments based on the logical structure of the program.
11. What is Demand Paging?
Demand Paging is a type of paging where the OS loads only the pages that are needed into memory, rather than loading the entire process.
12. What is a File System?
A File System is a method used by an OS to manage files and data stored on storage devices like hard drives and SSDs.
13. What is a Process?
A Process is an instance of a program in execution. It includes the program code, its current activity, and resources such as memory and CPU time.
14. What is a Thread?
A Thread is the smallest unit of a process that can be scheduled for execution. A process can contain multiple threads.
15. What is Multithreading?
Multithreading is the ability of an OS to execute multiple threads simultaneously, improving performance.
16. What is Time-Sharing in Operating Systems?
Time-sharing is a computing technique that allows multiple users to share system resources, with the OS giving each user a time slice of CPU time.
17. What is a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)?
An RTOS is an OS designed to handle real-time tasks with strict timing constraints, ensuring that critical operations are performed within deadlines.
18. What is a Semaphore in OS?
A Semaphore is a synchronization mechanism used to control access to shared resources in a concurrent system, preventing race conditions.
19. What is the difference between a Monolithic Kernel and a Microkernel?
A Monolithic Kernel includes all OS services in a single large block of code, while a Microkernel only includes essential services and runs other services in user space.
20. What is a Bootloader?
A Bootloader is a program that loads the OS kernel into memory and initiates the boot process when a computer is powered on.
21. What is a System Call?
A System Call is a mechanism that allows user-level programs to request services from the OS kernel, such as file handling or process management.
22. What is Memory Management in OS?
Memory Management is the OS function responsible for managing the computer’s memory, allocating and deallocating space as needed by processes.
23. What is CPU Scheduling?
CPU Scheduling is the OS process of determining which process will use the CPU at a given time, to maximize efficiency and system performance.
24. What is a Distributed Operating System?
A Distributed OS is an OS that manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to the user as a single system.
25. What is a Shell in Operating Systems?
A Shell is a command-line interface that allows users to interact with the OS by typing commands and receiving output.
26. What is a Device Driver?
A Device Driver is a program that controls a specific type of hardware device, facilitating communication between the OS and the device.
27. What is Swapping in OS?
Swapping is the process of moving a process from main memory to disk (and vice versa) to free up memory for other processes.
28. What is Process Synchronization?
Process Synchronization is the coordination of processes that share resources to ensure consistency and avoid race conditions.
29. What is a Zombie Process?
A Zombie Process is a process that has completed execution but still has an entry in the process table, as its parent process has not yet read its exit status.
30. What is the difference between Hard and Soft Real-Time Systems?
In Hard Real-Time Systems, missing a deadline is catastrophic, while in Soft Real-Time Systems, missing a deadline degrades performance but is not disastrous.
👉 If you are preparing for a software developer position at a reputed company then these Software Developer Fresher Interview Questions Operating Systems will help you a lot.
DSA Interview Questions
1. What is a Data Structure?
A Data Structure is a way of organizing and storing data so that it can be accessed and modified efficiently.
2. What are the different types of Data Structures?
Data Structures can be classified into two types: Linear Data Structures (such as Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, and Queues) and Non-Linear Data Structures (such as Trees and Graphs).
3. What is an Array?
An Array is a collection of elements, all of the same data type, stored at contiguous memory locations. Arrays allow random access to elements.
4. What is a Linked List?
A Linked List is a linear data structure in which elements (nodes) are connected using pointers. Each node contains data and a reference to the next node.
5. What is the difference between an Array and a Linked List?
An Array stores elements in contiguous memory, while a Linked List stores elements at arbitrary locations, connected through pointers. Arrays provide random access, but Linked Lists have dynamic size and are better for insertions and deletions.
6. What is a Stack?
A Stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle, where the last element added is the first to be removed.
7. What is a Queue?
A Queue is a linear data structure that follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle, where the first element added is the first to be removed.
8. What is a Binary Tree?
A Binary Tree is a hierarchical data structure in which each node has at most two children, referred to as the left child and the right child.
9. What is a Binary Search Tree (BST)?
A Binary Search Tree is a binary tree with the property that the left child of a node contains values less than the node, and the right child contains values greater than the node.
10. What is a Heap?
A Heap is a complete binary tree where each parent node’s value is greater than or equal to (in Max-Heap) or less than or equal to (in Min-Heap) its child nodes.
11. What is a Graph?
A Graph is a non-linear data structure consisting of vertices (nodes) connected by edges. Graphs can be directed or undirected and can represent networks, social connections, and more.
12. What is Breadth-First Search (BFS)?
Breadth-First Search is a graph traversal algorithm that explores nodes level by level, starting from a given node and visiting all its neighbours before moving to the next level.
13. What is Depth-First Search (DFS)?
Depth-first search is a graph traversal algorithm that explores nodes by moving as deep as possible along each branch before backtracking.
14. What is the time complexity of searching in a Binary Search Tree?
The time complexity of searching in a BST is O(h), where h is the height of the tree. In the worst case, this can be O(n) if the tree is skewed.
15. What is a Hash Table?
A Hash Table is a data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function. It provides fast lookups, insertions, and deletions with an average time complexity of O(1).
16. What is a Hash Collision?
A Hash Collision occurs when two different keys produce the same hash value. This can be handled using techniques like chaining or open addressing.
17. What is Recursion?
Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself to solve a smaller instance of the same problem.
18. What is Dynamic Programming?
Dynamic Programming is an optimization technique that solves complex problems by breaking them into simpler overlapping subproblems and storing their results to avoid recomputation.
19. What is a Greedy Algorithm?
A Greedy Algorithm is an approach where decisions are made based on the best immediate choice, with the hope that this approach leads to an optimal solution.
20. What is a Sorting Algorithm?
A Sorting Algorithm is a method for arranging elements in a specific order (ascending or descending). Examples include Bubble Sort, Merge Sort, and Quick Sort.
21. What is Merge Sort?
Merge Sort is a divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm that recursively divides the array into two halves, sorts each half, and merges them back together. It has a time complexity of O(n log n).
22. What is Quick Sort?
Quick Sort is a divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm that selects a pivot element, partitions the array around the pivot, and recursively sorts the partitions. Its average time complexity is O(n log n).
23. What is Binary Search?
Binary Search is a searching algorithm that works on sorted arrays by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half. It has a time complexity of O(log n).
24. What is a Tree Traversal?
Tree Traversal is the process of visiting all nodes in a tree. Common traversal methods include Pre-order, In-order, and Post-order.
25. What is the difference between BFS and DFS?
BFS explores nodes level by level, while DFS explores nodes by going as deep as possible along each branch before backtracking.
26. What is a Circular Queue?
A Circular Queue is a queue where the last position is connected back to the first position, forming a circle. This helps efficiently utilize memory in cases where elements are continuously added and removed.
27. What is the difference between Stack and Queue?
Stack follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle, while Queue follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle.
28. What is a Trie?
A Trie is a tree-like data structure used to store strings, where each node represents a character of the string. It is often used for efficient prefix-based searches.
29. What is a Red-Black Tree?
A Red-Black Tree is a self-balancing binary search tree where nodes are coloured red or black to maintain balance during insertions and deletions.
30. What is a Priority Queue?
A Priority Queue is a data structure where elements are assigned priorities, and elements with higher priorities are served before those with lower priorities.
👉 If you are preparing for a software developer position at a reputed company then these Software Developer Fresher Interview Questions DSA will help you a lot.
